
By Rebecca Pilkington-Vincett
A feeding station popular with manta rays is not far from the Misool Eco Resort and Conservation Center in Raja Ampat, eastern Indonesia.
RAJA AMPAT, Indonesia —They’ve been described by one scientist as “pandas of the ocean.”
“They’re such an iconic species, beloved by divers,” said Andrea Marshall, director of the Marine Megafauna Foundation, who came up with the description during an interview with NBC News. “They’re just amazing.”
Unlikely as it might seem, the panda and the manta ray have a lot in common.
Just as scientists still haven’t been able to confirm the number of pandas in the wild, they also have no idea how many manta rays exist.
“Globally we don’t know how many manta rays there are,” said Guy Stevens, director of the U.K.-based Manta Trust, whose research is largely based around manta populations in the Maldives.
But -- again, like the panda -- scientists think it’s a small population.
“If they’re lucky, (manta rays) have two pups (over several years). That’s a very low reproductive rate, especially compared to your average fish,” said Dr. Heidi Dewar, a biologist at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center, part of NOAA.
Anecdotal evidence suggests mantas are under threat, and China may be a major reason for it.
Manta rays are vulnerable on two fronts: as bycatch — getting caught in industrial fishing nets targeting different types of tuna — and, increasingly, because of traditional Chinese medicine, or TCM.
Manta rays are abundant in the waters around Raja Ampat, eastern Indonesia.
Manta rays are harvested for their gill rakers, which allow the fish to filter food from water. Some Chinese believe they have healing properties or are good at cleaning out toxins. One Chinese-language website claims gill rakers enhance the immune system, promote blood circulation and aid in the treatment of cancer, skin disease and infertility.
“It’s just cartilage,” said Dewar, echoing skepticism expressed by many scientists.
Medicinal fad?
Conservationists say manta rays aren’t even considered “traditional” medicine and argue no reference to the animal can be found in TCM books dating back a century. But with rising incomes that enable Chinese consumers to readily adopt medicinal fads, the impact on manta rays has accelerated over the past 10 to 15 years.
“A lot of it is completely unrecorded,” said Stevens, who worked on a project founded by Shark Savers and WildAid to document the scope of gill-raker harvesting.
Understanding the beauty and diversity of Raja Ampat, aka 'Underwater Eden'
Researchers looked at the location, value and species involved. “It does seem the majority of all of those gills that are being traded are ending up in China,” Stevens said.
The conclusion, published in a report called Manta Ray of Hope, found that roughly 3,400 manta rays and 94,000 mobulas (related to the manta ray family) are caught each year, but the numbers reflect only reported catches. “Unreported and subsistence fisheries will mean true landings are much higher,” the report said.
On patrol with a shark ranger in Indonesia's marine treasure trove
Visits to random TCM shops in Beijing and Shanghai turned up no gill rakers. In fact, a veteran pharmacist at Tongrentang, a long-established purveyor of traditional Chinese and herbal medicines, said she had never heard of manta rays being used this way.
But the Manta Ray of Hope report estimates a mature ocean manta could yield up to 15 pounds of dried gills that can bring in as much as $230 a pound in a market in China.
Australia moves to ban fishing trawler with 900-foot-long net
Marshall said she has noticed an uptick in manta fishing. “I’ve been (in Mozambique) in the last decade … and we’ve seen an 87 percent decline in the population because of the fishing.”
Unlike many shippers, Chinese merchants who transport cheap products from the mainland for export to Africa “want to fill [their unloaded cargo vessels] with resources wherever they go. In Africa, they fill it up with wood, fish or shark’s fin,” she said. “They’ll go out to the local fisheries along the coastline and scout for these products.”
The scientist has spoken to members of local communities, who say the Chinese offer “new nets, new lines, new hooks. (The Chinese traders) say to them, ‘If you get the sharks or the mantas or the turtles, you get all the meat. You can keep all the meat. You just sell us the things you don’t normally eat.'”
Protecting a ‘threatened’ species
Mantas were listed last year as “threatened” under the international Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species.
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature has classified the manta ray as “vulnerable” to extinction.
PhotoBlog: Raja Ampat archipelago: The world's last paradise
Chinese scientists have also weighed in.
“In the last two years, we have conducted evaluations of the manta ray and submitted a recommendation to the government to list it as a protected species,” said Professor Wang Yanmin from Shandong University’s Marine College.
“There is no regulation for protecting the manta ray so sales of mantas are not illegal,” said Feng Yongfeng, founder of Green Beagle, a group that promotes environmental protection.
Groups like Manta Trust are focusing on getting manta rays listed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). But scientists have their work cut out for them.
“It’s very difficult to get listed on CITES. They ask for a lot of detail that is difficult to pin down,” said Marshall. “Maybe in the terrestrial world, biologists can provide those kinds of details. When you’re talking about the megafauna [or large marine species] world, it’s very difficult.”
Marshall – who discovered a second type of manta ray in 2008 and is in the process of identifying a third -- acknowledges little is known about them.

AFP - Getty Images file
A huge manta ray weighing more than 2,200 pounds and measuring nearly 9 yards in length was caught off the eastern coast of China this past September.
Manta births a mystery
Vexing questions include the manta’s life span, details of their reproductive ecology and migratory patterns.
“I could wrap my life up in 20 minutes if I could talk to them,” she joked. “It has been driving me insane for the last ten years because I haven’t been able to figure out where they give birth. It’s 2012 and nobody has ever seen a manta give birth in the wild.”
And research is painstaking. For one, concentrations of the animal tend to be around far-flung islands. Stevens of Manta Trust cited the costs of tracking mantas and the difficulty in locating and knowing how to study them.
With technological improvements, however, scientists are gaining some ground. Satellite tags are one way to help the research. “What do they do when we can’t observe them? I’d love to follow an animal to find out how they spend their time,” said Stevens. “The tagging gives you small glimpses of them.”
Two dive instructors at the Misool Eco Resort and Conservation Center in Raja Ampat have uncovered a revenue stream to offset research costs: tourism.
“One manta ray can raise $1 million (U.S. dollars) in tourism income over its lifetime,” said Rebecca Pilkington-Vincett, citing a figure contained in the Manta Ray of Hope report.
PhotoBlog: Raja Ampat archipelago: The world's last paradise
With the blessing of the resort, Pilkington-Vincett and Calvin Beale launched a research project off the surrounding reefs.
Last season, the duo raised $32,000 from donations by recreational divers who accompanied them on dives to gather DNA samples and tag the mantas.
With the money, they have bought three satellite tags and collected numerous DNA samples. They are sending off the data to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography for analysis by a graduate student.
With online databases such as the Manta Research Project, where some of Pilkington-Vincett and Beale’s data are logged, or the Manta Matcher, developed by Marshall and operating much “like the FBI fingerprint online database,” research on the manta ray has become rooted in a global exchange among scientists and amateurs alike.
Until its secrets are fully revealed, the manta’s mystique seems guaranteed.
“I think it’s fascinating,” said Dewar of the Southwest Fisheries Science Center, “that there is such a large and amazing creature that has so many mysteries attached to it.”
Additional research by Le Li, Johanna Armstrong and Yanzhou Liu.
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Traditional Chinese "medicine" (read ignorant backward superstitious hooey) is the scourge of the planet.
Yeah, they probably eschew immunization, take herbal and homeopathic remedies, and practice "wellness". What a bunch of superstitious, ignorant bastards.
china, the worst form of human cancer, uncontrollable, untreatable, and in total denial of their crimes against mother earth and humanity.
We should build a big wall and fence them in.. that'll learn 'em!
But Doug, they already built that Great Wall all by themselves. Ha, what a bunch of dumbies!
Yeah... Lets ban fishing to save one...!!
Maybe it was just me, but I don't recall reading anything about the Manta Rescue nor the reason they are on dry land in this entire article. That was the reason I read it in the first place. The article was interesting and educational by all means and worthy of print space but WHAT ABOUT THE RESCUE, Did It Succeed, Were the Manta's Saved or did they feed into the Oriental Medicine Market?
When all the plants die the earth will die.When all the animals die the earth will die.When all the humans die the earth will flourish.Russell Means.
These idiots will eat anything that moves. I wouldn't be surprised if they were cannibalising humans.
My god, could we please implement a massive education program for the f'in Chinese?!? I'll gladly pay extra taxes to help cover the cost. If we don't, they're going to destroy every species on the planet in their quest for voodoo medicines.
Hope they will be saved. Incredible creatures.
I heartily agree with other statements regarding the Chinese being the biggest parasite on earth.
A bunch of worthless as&&ho*es
"Anecdotal evidence suggests mantas are under threat, and China may be a major reason for it.Manta rays are vulnerable on two fronts: as bycatch — getting caught in industrial fishing nets targeting different types of tuna — and, increasingly, because of traditional Chinese medicine, or TCM."
Yet another example (as if we needed one) that China is the greatest enemy of the USA and the world.
Save the Manta Rays
if the world would stop trading with them for say two years an embargo that would leave them with nothing they would probably eat thier young......
The Chinese probably add ethylene glycol and sell it for baby food.
Next thing you know, they'll be putting fungus in bottles of injectable steroids.
But - deliberately?
Reading the description of the nasty conditions in that pharmaceutical facility, one might surmise deliberately.
God's design? If He created all things, then why we He want them to be extinct? There something more here
than that. And bring ruin to those ruining the earth. Revelation 11:18.
Did anyone know that the consumption of Chinese male frontal lobes and the penis and testicles will cure stupidity, earaches, foot problems, stomache aches, pimples, tooth decay, heartburn, and shingles? The list goes on and on. It will also stop the useless slaughter of innocent endangered animals and fish/birds in the wild while teaching these morons that just because something is told a thousand years ago it may have been found to be a dumbass rumor or wives tale. Chinese men(?) think that if they eat a Rino Horn, because it looks like an erection, THEY will finally be able to get it up is false to the core. I've seen Chinese erections, it's hard to tell if it is erect or NOT. I don't know HOW they manage to have so many kids running around, of course, most of the kids have blue eyes, so there may be something there.
Because the most dangerous destructive animal that ever existed, reproduces like rats, it won't be long when most other life is destroyed here on planet of the apes. Some of you might exist when leg of homosapien monkey will be the protein of the day.
If you want to punish the Chinese; just stay out of Walmart. Most of what they sell is junk anyway.
Why that's the same thing they smugly said 50+ years ago about the Japanese. That was right before they kicked our collective a$$es in automobiles and electronics. But that was an aberration. This time, of course, it's true.
The Japanese weren't capable of inventing a boil lance. Auto designs, electronics, appliances etc. were stolen from America and copied by the Japs.
The Chinese are doing the same thing. If we aren't educating their dumb asses in our colleges they are stealing our technology through a network of spy's.
It's people like you that sit back in smug ignorance and awe of a people who couldn't find their butts with both hands if we didn't draw them a map first that are the problem.
You can still buy American if you look for it.
And that, children, is why Detroit after fifty years still can't create something as affordable, reliable, and durable as a Honda. It's always easier to proclaim yourself superior rather than suceed through sacrifice, hard work, innovation, and determination. Speaking of smug, that's the way a loser thinks. Sure, a little larceny doesn't hurt either.
Hey thumbs did you have to call someone in China for that come back. If you are an American (I have my doubts) the very luxuary of having this civil debate online was afforded to you through American inginuity.
Most Hondas are manufactured in the US by Americans. I drive American steel and have for decades. You must be a liberal. People like you are too dumb to know you are stupid are are the ones who will lead to the destruction of this country.
I will drive and otherwise buy whatever gives me the best value for my dollar. If other domestic or foreign manufacturers can't compete, they need to innovate or get out of the way. That's the way business and capitalism work. The country is not better off if the market rewards mediocrity. You want to sell globally? You have to then compete globally.
Most of the cars sold in the US are produced here, regardless of marque. "Detroit" means GM, Chrysler, and Ford to most Americans.
I have a great idea!! Let's ARM Greenpeace. They WILL do what needs to be done to prevent stupid human beings from destroying yet another animals species. This IS as bad as finning. No one seems to want to teach poachers the only lesson that they will learn from. In the case of finning, when the poachers are caught cut off their arms and legs and throw them into the water. In the case of the mantas when you catch poachers you have to basically do to them what they would be doing to any number of species. Now have the military escort their boat to well-known ports where these poor creatures are sold (many are large commerical ports in china, japan and such). These "fisherman" (and I am using the term loosely) boat should be decorating with their own boat with their corpses swinging from whatever they can be hung from. These people (again a term I am applying to them loosely) are all ready armed and ready for a battle we might as well take it to them. This practice of killing poachers has cut down on the number of endangered animals killed some african countries. This paradigm should be applied to our oceans. The only way some people change is by force. I believe this also should be used against the people who clear cut forests for profit too. I LOATHE Weyerhaeuser who believes that replacing trees that are hundreds of years old with fasting growing, non-native trees (that's what they do here in america but they just clear cutting football fields swaths of the amazon daily and don't replace that with anything but fire and smoke) is a prefectly acceptable way to do business the environment and wildlife be damned. We can no longer live like we are the only creatures on the planet nor can we pretend that there is another planet out there that we can hop to when we burn this one out!!!!
Just the act of clearcutting and trying to hide it got them (Weyerhaeuser) run outta Klamath County, Oregon years ago. Their destruction is still evident. I went to see a friend in McKinleyville, Calif. and went thru the Klamath area, my god, they really did a job on the forest's there. They are ruined for the next 200 years. The Klamath River is barely able to alllow fish to swim in it because of the errosion and heavy muddy runoff, Salmon don't migrate there any more, the Upper Klamath Lake is a alge-pot of diseased fish and you are NOT supposed to have water contact in the Summer because of the stagnation of water and alge growth caused MOSTLY by the harvesting of the forests using clearcuting methods. I guess all in all, we here in the USA are not much better. We need an Asteroid hit, a really BIG one.
Yes, mankind is destroying our planet with greed as its driving force. Even birds from the animal world do not foul their own nests.
Good Job MSNBC, don't only tell us what they may be used for but how much they can bring. Chinese fisherman will be lining the docks with their catches.
As usual, we read about a problem facing us as a city, state, nation or planet and the comments here are all about blaming someone other than one's self and name calling. And then you all call each other "haters". What a sad joke.
Here we have an article about a species that may be in deep trouble because of human activities, and the comments here prove that we are unworthy of being stewarts of the planet. Instead we pick fights based on race and political extremes. To all you fools out there.... the mantra rays don't care about your politics or your prejuduces. So how about you take your idiotic comments elsewhere.
To those of you who tried to make comprehensive comments here only to be ridiculed, please keep up the good fight.
Hey China , ever heard of viagra? Enough already with the ignorance .
Everyone points fingers.....you want to tell China what is wrong, stop buying all the cheap Chinese goods. Basic economics.....supply and demand. Americans insatiable appetite for cheap consumer goods are killing the planet just as fast as the Chinese factories that make them. I have a feeling we will continue to buy @!$%# we don't need at Walmart and just point fingers instead......much easier to talk the talk than walk the walk.
"Stop buying all the cheap Chinese goods?"
You might as well wish for world peace and end to all hunger. Not reality, not worth debating the theoretical. When you have the biggest consumer of China products (the US), not demanding these things on a governmental level like we have today in dickless Washington DC, nothing will change. This country had a chance to changing this with Mitt Romney and blew it.
Wow. Nice Straw Man/Hollow Man Argument! Which day of Willard's campaign did you find ANY viable plan or solution which he has held on to for ANY length of time?
He has none. And neither does the other half of the Punch & Judy Show as far as bring out issues which matter to reversing our course as the principal destructive force on Earth. They are all milked by the teet of Industry and Banking, told what and how they can bring up, and when. President Obama is still Bushbama in my eyes, version 4.01. We may just have a chance to continue a recovery, but th US has much more to do than Obama is pushing in order to regain its former Glory as a force for good which our forefathers blessed us with. And to reverse those things they warned us about.
Nothing of substance came out of the debates other than to show preplanning and avoidance of long term solutions based on enforcable, encompassing standards. More of the Same Old Same Old.
Mitt. Pfffffftttttt. Nothing but a face and a silver spoon.
And a penchant for being a bully on a pulpit.
Please.
Attn: Notsojingo or is it, "notsohappy?" Romney was going after China for currency manipulation and unfair trade practices. Right now we have a Prez who bows to them.
I'm sorry your life and situation is so hopeless. Best of luck to you and I hope they find a way
to help you wherever you seek help.
Yep. Mitt making millions off of chinese labor SURE SHOWED THEM.
Hello Robert or is it not so robert????? Sorry to mimick your brilliance and biting opening commentary. Well done. As far as seeking help, I instead offer it. Here you go, if you are old enough. And are just the right height, like the trees in Michigan...
OK, now to actual facts, which obviously escape you, and now I can attest, your Party's Choice. Tire quickly of learning? Because I can teach you for as long as you don't cry.
:-))
Reading, not tossing off something you heard in a debate, is a great informer. Do not stop at one article or source, but gain a comprehensive knowledge base. I can give you a start, but if you are to see through the fog of politics you must venture out on you own, Robert. Especially if you wish to initiate political opionions of Puppets into the equation. Are you getting a little clue yet?
This is only Page One of Two, but it provides enough for those that care enough to read it, though I would suggest completing the lesson, Robert. Rnowned experts in Economic Studies are spelling it out, not narrow viewed commentors on NBC blogs, such as yourself. Still with me?
China Currency Manipulation: Why US Political Accusations Are Unfounded
Analysis: Romney is likely to break "day-one" China currency pledge Reuters
We, of course, do it as well.
WSJ's O'Grady: Fed a Currency Manipulator
Plenty more available, remember that, Robert!
So now that you have been schooled, what so you have as your next brilliant comeback?
The first one was oh so witty!
Thanks for playing. I have plenty more if you wish, and I hope that many folks did go to these many availbale informational links to see what a clod your boy, and mine, are when it is made clear that Politicians are just that today.
Not Scholars of Economic Theory or International Diplomacy. They all have the same speech writers in the end of the race to the top. It is just which pretty face will be favored as telling less lies.
Romney lost. For Good Reason.
Save The Whales, and God Bless America!
Peace
Japan and China have been raping the ocean for decades. I worked and ran sport-fishing boats in the US., and Mexico and have seen Japanese long lines that run for 100 miles. Long lines take everything, and close to 50% is wasted. They toss all of the Billfish and blue and brown sharks and just keep what ever is valuable. They also took most of the shellfish population in the Sea of Cortez in a matter of 5 years. The Mexican government finally kicked them out, but it was way to late by then.
Gill nets and trawling are another killer of the ocean, but at least in the US, there have been laws. Most of these laws have come into affect by the sportfishing lobby. Yes, you guessed it---paid for by hunting and fishing licenses and donations from concerned sportsmen.
Bravo and accurate
Well I guess there's traditional Chinese medicine (distilling 1000 years of patient empiricism) and then there's quack Chinese medicine, with about as much basis as connecting immunizations to brain disorders like autism.